China’s growing military presence in Africa marks a shift from economic focus to a broader security agenda. Starting with its first overseas base in Djibouti in 2017 and whispers of expansion into Equatorial Guinea, China is strategically positioning itself to protect its investments and trade routes. This article explores China’s military activities in Africa, rooted in historical ties and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), while comparing its approach to that of the United States, France, and Russia. It sheds light on the geopolitical stakes and what this means for African nations navigating global rivalries.
Introduction
China’s military role in Africa has evolved from supporting trade to establishing a firm security presence. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) base in Djibouti, launched in 2017, anchors China’s efforts to secure maritime routes. Meanwhile, rumors of a base in Equatorial Guinea have raised Western eyebrows, hinting at a bolder Atlantic reach. This piece unpacks China’s military moves, backstory, and impact, contrasting them with other major players.
This analysis uses a qualitative approach, blending historical review, case studies, and comparisons. It draws on academic journals, news archives, and official reports, focusing on Djibouti and Equatorial Guinea, with insights into how China stacks against the US, France, and Russia.
Historical Context
China’s ties with Africa trace back to the 1955 Bandung Conference, where it backed anti-colonial struggles. Cold War aid to countries like Angola and Zimbabwe built early bridges. The 2000 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) boosted economic ties, and the 2013 BRI poured in infrastructure funds. Military links grew through arms sales and UN peacekeeping, paving the way for today’s bases.
Current Military Presence
Djibouti: Gateway to the Indian Ocean
Opened in 2017, the PLA base in Djibouti bolsters anti-piracy efforts and intelligence near the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait. Built for $590 million, it supports naval and air operations, safeguarding China’s trade lifeline.
Wider Reach
China deploys 2,000 peacekeepers across Africa and sells arms to nations like Sudan and Zimbabwe. The China-Africa Defense and Security Forum strengthens military ties, aligning with its economic goals.
Potential Future Bases
Equatorial Guinea: Eyes on the Atlantic
Talk of a naval base in Equatorial Guinea’s Port of Bata has stirred debate. Tied to decades of friendship and BRI projects, this deep-water port could host Chinese ships, though both governments deny plans.
Other Possibilities
Countries like Gabon, Namibia, and Angola are on the radar, thanks to their Atlantic coastlines and resources. These align with BRI ambitions but face local and global challenges.
Comparisons with Other Powers
• United States: Runs Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti and smaller posts, targeting terrorism with a vast global network.
• France: Holds bases in Djibouti and Gabon, focusing on Sahel stability and historical ties.
• Russia: Uses arms deals and mercenaries like the Wagner Group for flexible influence.
China pairs economic clout with military steps, differing from the West’s security-first stance and Russia’s scrappy tactics.
| Power | Key Bases | Objectives | Approach |
| China | Djibouti, maybe Equatorial Guinea | Trade security, BRI protection | Bases with economic focus |
| US | Djibouti, Niger, Somalia | Fight terrorism, maintain sway | Bases and training |
| France | Djibouti, Gabon, Senegal | Stability, past ties | Bases and direct action |
| Russia | Sudan (proposed) | Resources, influence | Arms and contractors |
Analysis
China’s military growth boosts its global clout but sparks friction with the West. African countries gain infrastructure yet risk losing autonomy. Unlike the US’s sprawling bases, China’s measures aim at key trade chokepoints.
Conclusion
From Djibouti to potential outposts like Equatorial Guinea, China’s military presence in Africa fuses economic and security aims, reshaping the continent’s role in global power plays. African nations must weigh the benefits against the pressures of this competition.
