In a dramatic shift that has captivated both domestic and international observers, Togo has transitioned from a presidential system to a parliamentary one, a move critics argue consolidates the power of the long-standing Gnassingbé dynasty. President Faure Gnassingbé, who has held office since 2005 following his father’s 38-year rule, now oversees a political landscape where the presidency becomes largely ceremonial, and real executive authority is vested in a new role: the President of the Council of Ministers.
The constitutional reforms, passed by the National Assembly in April 2024, eliminate direct presidential elections. Instead, the president is elected by parliament for a single six-year term. The newly established President of the Council of Ministers, expected to be the leader of the parliamentary majority, holds significant executive powers, including representing Togo internationally and managing daily governmental affairs.
These changes have sparked widespread controversy. Opposition parties and civil society groups have denounced the reforms as a “constitutional coup,” alleging they are designed to extend Gnassingbé’s grip on power indefinitely. Protests erupted across the country, with slogans like “Don’t Touch My Constitution” becoming rallying cries against the perceived erosion of democratic principles.
The April 29 parliamentary elections further intensified tensions. The ruling Union for the Republic (UNIR) party secured 108 out of 113 seats, amid reports of electoral irregularities and suppression of dissent. Opposition parties faced significant hurdles, including restrictions on campaigning and limited media access.
International observers have expressed concern over Togo’s democratic trajectory. Human rights organizations reported arbitrary arrests of opposition members and the banning of protests and press conferences critical of the government. The United States and other international actors have urged Togo to uphold democratic norms and ensure inclusive governance. As Togo embarks on this new political chapter, questions remain about the future of its democracy. While the government touts the reforms as steps toward stability and modernization, critics argue they entrench authoritarian rule under the guise of constitutional change. The coming months will be crucial in determining whether Togo can navigate these reforms in a manner that respects democratic principles and addresses the concerns of its citizens.
